宋代的孤幼檢校政策及其執行——兼論南宋的“女合得男之半”

The Orphan Policies and Their Implementation in Song Dynasty

孤幼不僅存在撫育的問題,還有財產遭侵奪的危機。漢唐政府沒有把照顧孤幼視爲政府的責任,直到宋代,纔有專門針對孤幼生活與財產的制度設計。孤幼檢校法有保障孤幼生活,與保全其財產的作用。兒女分產法是專爲分配孤幼家產而立的新法。前者只要有宗親族人願意撫育孤幼,國家就不强制執行該法。後者源自張詠的判例,是由男子承分中撥出部分作爲孤幼的生活費,而調整男、女的財產比例,遂出現"女合得男之半"的特別法。但《名公書判清明集》所引兒女分產法極爲簡略,實際運用上有模糊空間,又可能與父系成員的利益發生衝突,所以該法只見於南宋,往後便不再行用。

In the Song dynasty the legal system employed special attention to taking care of orphans' lives and their properties.The Orphans' Property Inspection Law secured orphans' lives and their belongings;the law would not be enforced if relatives were willing to raise the orphans.The Law of Inheritance for Sons and Daughters was a new regulation designed to protect orphans and their properties.Thus,there was a special law that had contents that included 'Female Descendants Receive Half the Inheritance of Their Male Counterparts.'