清代甲科世家析论——以桐城张氏为例

On the Clan of the Imperial Examination in the Qing Dynasty——Taking Tongcheng Zhang Ying's Family for Example

清代桐城张英家族不仅是声势煊赫的簪缨世家及书香门第,而且也是清代甲科世家的典型代表。自明迄清300余年的时间内,张氏在科举考试中取得了非凡的成就,先后有20余人中进士,成为当时著名的豪门望族。有清一代,张氏政治地位之高、影响之大罕有匹敌,此外该家族还在学术、诗文及艺术创作上成就卓著。重视科举教育、与名门望族联姻以及通过门生关系结成庞大的政治利益集团是张氏获得成功的三大主因。

Zhang Ying＇s family was not only a model of the imperial-examination clans but also one of the distinguished official clans and the scholarly families.Zhang Ying＇s family had made great achievements and more than 20 men had become Jinshi through the imperial examination in over 300 years from the Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty.Thus Zhang Ying＇s family had become one of the most distinguished clans,making much progress not only in the politics but also in spheres of learning,poems and the arts.The reasons for Zhang＇s success were the family＇s emphasis on the imperial examination,their union with the distinguished families by marriage,and their political groups by means of teachers and students.