经皮内窥镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症的并发症及其处理

Complication and treatment of the lumbar intervertebral disc herniation using percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy

目的总结经皮内窥镜腰椎间盘切除术（PELD）治疗腰椎间盘突出症中出现的并发症，探讨其处理对策。方法2002年7月至2010年10月采用PELD治疗腰椎间盘突出症患者689例，男性448例，女性241例；年龄13～84岁，平均39．8岁。单间隙椎间盘突出669例，双间隙椎间盘突出19例，三间隙椎间盘突出1例。中央型突出66例，旁中央型365例，外侧型242例，极外侧型10例，游离型6例。观察术中和术后并发症及其处理。结果术中髓核部分残留压迫神经根5例，2例术中改行开窗髓核切除术，2例二期行开窗髓核切除术，1例二期行经椎间孔腰椎体间融合术（TLIF）；神经根纤维束部分损伤2例，术后3～6个月内完全恢复；硬脊膜破裂2例，给予缝合皮肤伤口后痊愈。689例患者随访6—96个月，平均33个月。出现椎间隙感染7例，1例保守治疗，4例给予经皮穿刺置管冲洗引流持续局部应用抗生素，2例行后路开窗感染腰椎间盘清除术，均痊愈；术后复发6例，4例患者再次行PELD术，2例患者采用TLIF治疗，术后症状缓解；术后神经根性痛觉过敏和灼样神经根痛19例，经过止痛药物、神经营养药及物理治疗后好转；腰椎管狭窄症行单个节段的PELD术，效果不佳，二期行多节段TLIF治疗10例。结论术中主要并发症有髓核部分残留压迫神经根、神经根纤维束部分损伤、硬脊膜破裂；术后主要并发症有椎间隙感染、复发、神经根性痛觉过敏和灼样神经根痛等。严格的适应证选择、无菌、熟练操作及术后康复锻炼可以减少并发症的发生。

Objective To summarize and discuss the lapsus and the treatment of the lumbar intervertebral disc herniation using percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy （PELD）. Methods Between July 2002 and October 2010, 689 patients with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation treated by PELD were analyzed, including 448 males, and 241 females. Single lumbar intervertebral disc herniation were 669 cases, double lumbar intervertebral disc herniation were 19; three lumbar intervertebral disc herniation were 1. Central type in 66, side central type in 365, lateral type in 242, extreme lateral type in 10, sequestered type in 6. These cases with complications in operation and postoperation were studied retrospectively. Results There were nucleus pulposus omissions in 5 patients and 2 patients underwent open resection of nucleus pulposus during operation immediately and the second operation was needed in 3 cases, 1 case with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion （TLIF） and the others with open resection of nucleus pulposus. Two patients had nerve root injury, but all completely recovered in 3-6 months after operation. Spinal dura mater disruption was in 2 patients, recovered after suturing of skin wound. All 689 patients were followed up for 6-96 months, mean follow-up time was 33 months. Postoperative spondylodiscitis was in 7 patients, recovery after expectant treatment in 1, percutaneous puncture itTigation and drainage for continued use of local antibiotics in 4, posterior infective lumbar discectomy in 2. Postoperative relapse was in 6 patients, operated secondly by PELD in 4 and by TLIF in 2, recovery after the second operation. Nerve root induced hyperalgesia and burning-like nerve root pain was seen in 19 patients, the symptom was improved by analgesic drug, neurotrophy drug and physiotherapy. The effect of single segment PELD was not good in 10 patients with spinal stenosis, who underwent multiple segment TLIF later. Conclusions The complications during operation usually are nucleus pulposus omissions, nerve root injury, spinal dura mater disruption. Accordingly the complications after operation include spondylodiscitis, recurrence, nerve root induced hyperalgesia or burning-like nerve root pain. Strict indication, aseptic technique, skilled operation and proper rehabilitation exercise are effective ways to reduce complications.