“平等”问题的历史规定及其超越——重读马克思《哥达纲领批判》

Historical Definition of Equality and Its Transcendence——Rereading Marx's Critique of the Gotha Programme

在马克思的语境中,"平等"观念只是一种历史的规定,并未超出"资产阶级权利的狭隘眼界",其是否过时取决于人们所处的特定历史条件,"平等"说到底只是一个前共产主义的概念。当劳动不再仅仅是谋生的手段、劳动的异化被历史地扬弃、财富的尺度发生历史性的改变之际,使"平等"和"不平等"及其关系成为问题的问题域本身便被历史地超越和辩证地扬弃了。马克思在《哥达纲领批判》中关于"平等"问题所采取的运思方式是"历史地思",马克思总是寻求问题本身赖以成立的人的存在论根源、在历史的超越中把握未来的可能性、致力于解构和颠覆使问题赖以成立的条件本身。在"历史地思"的运思方式中,逻辑的完备性只能被归结为历史的辩证法或实践的辩证法。

Relevant thoughts in Critique of the Gotha Programme demonstrate Marx＇s view on equality as that equality does not exceed the ＂parochial horizon of bourgeois right＂, but it still bears positive significance in the first phase of communism. Whether equality is outmoded is dependent on the specific historical conditions. When labor was no longer the only means of making a living, alienation of labor was abolished completely,and leisure time became wealth scale instead of labor time, equality and inequality and their opposition would be transcended historically. Marx pondered on the issue of equality by applying the historical way of thinking, which demonstrated its features of revealing the ontological root of human beings, the possibility of seizing future in historical transcendence and the effort to deconstruct the historical conditions which make the issue effective.