历史唯物主义与马克思的自然观

Historical Materialism and Marx's Viewpoint of Nature

与旧唯物主义者以"客体或直观"的方式理解自然不同,马克思是从"人的感性活动"、进而从"历史"出发来理解自然的。马克思的自然观是历史唯物主义的自然观,它的根本性质是"社会—历史性质"。在马克思看来,自然不是"一切存在物之总和",其外延是"人本身的自然"和"人周围的自然",二者之间是否定性的辩证统一关系。这在马克思的早期著作如《1844年经济学哲学手稿》和《德意志意识形态》中就有所表述,并在晚期的《资本论》中得到了详尽的阐释。对于马克思自然观的这种历史唯物主义理解具有重要的理论意义和实践价值:它既有助于澄清马克思历史唯物主义作为"新世界观"的真实意义,又有助于推进当代科学理论的进一步发展,还对全球性的环境和生态问题的解决不无裨益。

Marx＇s viewpoint of nature is different from all previous materialists＇ because his understanding is based on human practical activities and its nature is of historical materialism. Marx regards the nature as the nature of human beings and around human beings which relation is negative unity other than the sum of beings. Marx＇s viewpoint of nature is crucial to resolve some theoretical and practical problems which are vital to us.