终霜冻对新疆北疆地区酿酒葡萄冻害和产量的影响

Influence of Late Frost Damage on Wine Grape and Yield in Northern Xinjiang

针对中国西北葡萄与葡萄酒优势产区酿酒葡萄在萌芽生长过程中易受终霜冻危害的问题,研究终霜冻对葡萄嫩梢(萌发芽)发育、产量等影响,为减轻终霜冻危害和科学防御提供依据。2008年终霜冻发生时以新疆玛纳斯河流域酿酒葡萄基地为重点,调查酿酒葡萄不同品种、萌芽期、出土时间、结果母枝长度等因素下的终霜冻害发生情况、产量变化及灌溉、烟熏等的防霜冻效果。结果表明,赤霞珠、霞多丽、佳美、晚红蜜和贵人香葡萄嫩梢(萌发芽)对终霜冻(低温)的忍耐力基本相同,而不同发育阶段的嫩梢对低温的忍耐力存在较大差异,处于绒球期和未萌动的芽忍耐力最强。结果母枝留芽量、葡萄园灌水和烟熏对赤霞珠晚霜冻害的影响不大,而推迟出土时间可明显减轻赤霞珠受终霜冻的危害程度。终霜冻导致酿酒葡萄产量大幅下降,多数葡萄园减产超过40%。春季推迟葡萄出土时间是减轻终霜冻害的有效措施。

Aiming at the problem of late frost damage on buds and tender shoots of grapevine in quality viticulture and wine region in northwest of China,the influence of late frost on development of tender shoots and yield of grape were investigated,which can offer a guideline to the prevention and reduce the damage of frost.The degrees of frost damage and change in yield on different varieties,the date of bud-break,de-hilling time and length of bearing shoots in vineyard as well as the effects of irrigation and smoking on frost damage in Manasi were investigated after late frost in 2008.The results showed as follows： The nearly same endurance upon late frost were found on the tender shoots of Cabernet Sauvignon,Chardonnay,Gamay,Canepabn and Italian Riesling,while a significant difference was found among tender shoots in different growth period,the strongest endurance on late frost were displayed on woolly buds and other buds before budburst.Nearly no effects of buds numbers,irrigation and smoking were found on the frost damage;however,delaying the de-hilling can reduced the frost damage significantly.The late frost damage resulted in a serious reduction of yield,and the yield of most of vineyard reduced up to 40%.Delaying de-hilling in spring was an effective measure to prevent the late frost damage.