论开放的王权更迭观念及其与“五德终始说”之关系

On the Relationship between the View of Open Alternation of Regimes and the Doctrine of Five-virtue Circulation

"五德终始说"的一个重要思想源流是自古以来就形成的开放的王权更迭观念,可是历来的研究者对其少有探讨。所谓开放的王权更迭观念,实际属于中国古老的"德"文化传统的组成部分。这一文化传统萌芽于"五帝"时代,完善于西周,发展出"以德配天"的政治文化理论,再到春秋时期,又被总结为"社稷无常奉,君臣无常位"的历史文化常识,而到战国重建政治秩序的帝制再造时期,阴阳学派邹衍将这一价值观念植入"五行"学说之中,从而推导出"五德转移,治各有宜"的"五德"循环理论。

The doctrine of five-virtue circulation, which few researchers studied, stemmed form the view of open alternation of regimes that was formed since ancient times. The so-called view of open alternation of regimes actually belonged to a part of the ancient Chinese cultural tradition of virtues. This cultural tradition sprouted up in the Five Lords era, was improved and deduced into the cultural and political theory that only the Lord with virtues can be instructed and blessed by Mandate of Heaven in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and was summed up as the doetrine of no the eternal gods of land and grain, no eternal monarch and subject in the Spring and Autumn Period. In Warring States Period when the political order was rebuill, Zou Yah, a founder and representative of the Yin Yang School, introduced the concept of virtue into the five elements theory and formed the theory of five-virtue circulation.