美国现代司法审查的兴起

The Development of Modern Judicial Review in U.S.

我们今天所看到的美国司法审查是司法审查发展的现代阶段。早期阶段的司法审查被认为是一种对抗立法暴政的革命行动,是一种政治色彩极强的行为。在马歇尔法院的推动下,司法审查由早期阶段进入了传统阶段。司法审查被赋予了浓厚的法律色彩,成为法院日常工作的一部分。19世纪末司法审查进入了转型阶段,法院用实体性正当程序去审查规制经济领域的立法。转型阶段预示了现代司法审查的到来。宪法和司法观念的转变、1937年的宪法革命和沃伦法院的推动共同促使了现代司法审查的兴起。现代司法审查的特征是对美国政治生活中司法部门的立法地位更为明确地接受。司法性立法被认为是法官无法推却和非常必要的职责。

The current system of judicial review in U.S.is the modern version,while its early phase is considered as both a revolutionary action opposing legislative despotism and a political action.The Marshall Court fostered judicial review to a traditional phase from the early phase.Judicial review gained much features of law and became part of court＇s daily routine.The transitional phase came in the late of the nineteenth century,when the court adopted substantive due process to review legislations on economy.The transitional phase expected the coming of modern judicial review.The change of constitutional and judicial notions,the constitutional revolution in 1937 and the Warren Court pushed forward together the modern judicial review,with the feature that the role of judicial departments in American political activities are more clearly accepted.Since then the judicial legislation is the judge＇s essential responsibility which cannot be shirked off.