唯我与共生——新现象学对主体间关系问题的新探索

Solipsistic and Symbiotic: Intersubjective Idea of Neo-phenomenology

20世纪西方哲学发展的重要问题之一,是批判唯我论、提出并试图解决主体间性问题。维特根斯坦从语言有意义视角对唯我论作了产生广泛影响的批评;胡塞尔以意识意向性的客体化行为和同感基础上的经验重构来提出和解决主体间性问题;海德格尔、萨特和梅洛·庞蒂等都提出各自的理论试图解决这个哲学难题。新现象学家施密茨认为,在某种意义上,唯我问题不可避免,唯我论也难以驳回,并以对身体交流和情景问题的讨论,提出他本人对此难题的新探索。

The critique of solipsism and intersubjectivity is one of the heated topics of 20th Western philosophy. By discussing the meaning of language, Wittgenstein’s attack on solipsism has greatly impacted discussions later on; Husserl was the first one who put forward the problem of intersubjectivity and believed that he had solved it with the intentionality of consciousness and empirical reconstruction; Heidegger, Sartre and Merleau-Ponty as well had their own approaches to this problem. To new phenomenologist Hermann Schmitz, solipsism can neither be avoided nor proved meaningless, the tension between solipsism and intersubjectivity is well established in bodily communication(leibliche Kommunikation) and situation in new phenomenological sense.