清末提法使衙门的人事变革——以直隶为中心的考察

Personnel Reform of Ti-fa-shi in the Late Qing Dynasty:the Case of ZhiLi Province

随着清末司法改革的不断深入,继清廷对法官选拔之后,提法使衙门的人员安排开始备受关注,并最终以招考的方式确定下来。直隶是在清末司法改革中效果较好的一个省份。对其他各省产生了示范效应和启示意义。以直隶为中心进行考察能够透视这次招考的全局和整个进程。此次招考体现了提法使对人员考选的重视,也是清廷对促使中国司法走向专业化、贵族化、精英化的一种尝试。但亦有组织无序、监管缺位和失语、单纯事后监督等问题存在。招考透视了清末的法制改革,既有把帝国改造成西方式的现代国家意图,又有对旧体制的一种留恋,两种情结在国家危亡的关口措乱交织、难以割舍,反映了转型和过渡时期的决策者在抉择面前的复杂心态,也反映了从一个封建性的王朝转变为一个现代国家,绝不可能一蹴而就,而是需要经历一个漫长的过程。但这毕竟是中国司法机关人事改革的一种尝试,代表和推动了历史发展的新趋势和潮流。

Along with the continuous development of judicial reform and the judge-selecting of central government in the late Qing Dynasty, the candidates of supreme judicial office in various provinces, which was called Ti-fa-shi, gradually earned more and more public concern and even- tually fixed by strict examination. The reform effect of ZhiLi was much better than that of other provinces and seen as a model. The acdemic investigation on the selecting examination in ZhiLi province may show us the historical situation and the whole process. The examination attached importance to the candidates, and attempted to construct a professional,aristocratic and elite judicial system, but encountered the disorder of organizational work, deficiency of supervisor and simply supervision after the event. By the examination and judicial reform, the central government tried to turn the old empire into a modern country, while bearing the nostalgia for outdated institution. These two complexes interweaved at the moment of national life and death, and showed us the complicated mental attitude of decision maker in the transforming period and the truth that any reformation, especially from a feudal dynasty to a modern country, by no means reached the goal with one leap. Nevertheless, this personnel reform of judicial system in the late Qing Dynasty embodied and promoted the historical tide.