海南省农村饮水危害因素监测与干预效果

Investigation of hygienic conditions of drinking water in rural areas of Hainan Province

目的了解海南省农村生活饮用水的卫生现状、主要危害因素及其干预效果。方法在海南省18个市县随机抽取10个监测县,在每个监测县选择10户住家作为监测点。采用统一的调查表对监测点的水源类型、供水方式、覆盖人口等进行调查。于2009年丰水期(7～9月)、枯水期(1～3月)进行水样的采集、检验和评价,2010年采取干预措施并进行效果评价。结果共调查海南省100个监测点,占全省总人口的6.38%(50.4万人/790.3万人)。海南省农村生活饮用水水源主要以地下水为主,占78.5%(193/246),供水方式以集中式供水为主,占74.0%(182/246)。在采集水样246件中,合格44件,合格率为17.9%。水样中硫酸盐、溶解性总固体、耗氧量、砷的检测结果均合格。其他各指标合格率由低至高依次为总大肠菌群(35.4%)<菌落总数(80.1%)<pH值(82.9%)<铁(94.3%)<锰(94.7%)<浑浊度(90.7%)<色度(95.5%)<硝酸盐(95.9%)<氯化物(97.6%)<氨氮(98.4%)、氟化物(98.4%)<总硬度(99.6%)。以地面水为水源水水样的合格率为22.6%(12/53),略高于以地下水为水源水的16.6%(32/193)。集中式供水水样的合格率为22.5%(41/182),高于分散式供水水样的4.7%(3/64),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。丰水期水样的合格率为19.2%(24/125),略高于枯水期合格率为16.5%(20/121)。安装二氧化氯发生器后,总体合格水平提高。结论微生物污染是海南省农村生活饮用水水质合格率偏低的主要原因,干预措施效果显著。

Objective To understand the hygienic conditions of drinking water in Hainan Province.Methods Ten counties out of the 18 counties in rural areas of Hainan were chosen as the monitoring counties and 10 households in each of the ten counties were selected as monitoring sites.And then the types of water source and water supply,beneficiary population were surveyed with uniform tables in the rainy season（July or September） and dry season（January or March） in 2009,respectively and the results were analyzed.Results The monitoring sites was 100 covering a population of 504 000 inhabitants occupying 63.8% of the total population in this province.Inhabitants mainly used underground water accounted for 78.5%（193/246）,mainly with centralized surface water supply accounted for 74.0%（182/246）.The qualification rate of water quality in 2009 was 17.9%（44/246）.The contents of sulfate,solvend as met the criteria with the qualification rate of 22.6%（12/53）,higher in comparison to that of underground water [16.6%（32/193）].The qualification rates of all the monitoring indexes of water quality were the total coliform group（35.4%）,total number of bacterial（80.1%）,pH（82.9%）,Fe（94.3%）,Mn（94.7%）,turbidity（90.7%）,colority（95.5%）,nitrate（95.9%）,chloride（97.6%）,NH3-N（98.4%）,Fluorin（98.4%）,hardness（99.6%）.The qualification rate of centralized water supply was 22.5%（41/182）,higher than that of scattered water supply（4.7%）,showing significant difference（P0.01）.Conclusion Microorganism contamination is the main factor influencing the drinking water quality in Hainan province.