对抗与合作:孟子对君臣关系的新建构

Confrontation and Cooperation: Mencius's New Construction on the Relationship between Monarch and His Subjects

孟子对君臣关系的新建构,一方面经由手足—腹心、犬马—国人、土芥—寇雠的论述,凸显了对抗的一面,土芥—寇雠之论又最让统治者胆战心惊;另一方面通过师、友、事的评析,显示了合作的一面,师友之论又最让士阶层心往神驰。既对抗又合作的复杂关联,现实地展开于士阶层参与政治的具体实践之中。孟子器重师道,强调智识分子以道尊于势的理想来应对势强于道的现实,从外王转向了内圣。这实质上是孟子的义仕派立场以及王道政治学遭遇现实困顿之后的必然转向。

Mencius＇s new construction on the relationship between monarch and his subjects,on the one hand,highlights the confrontation side from the concept of hand,foot to the hinterland,from dog,horse to people,from land mustard to Kou feud.The expression of land mustard to Kou feud fears most rulers.On the other hand,it shows the side of cooperation through the assessment of teachers and friends and matters.The expression of teacher and friend is accepted by most of the scholars.The complex association of confrontation and cooperation is reflected in the specific practice in political participation in the scholar class in reality.Mencius thinks highly of the teaching profession,emphasizing intellectual molecules should use the ideal situation（Tao respects power） to deal with the real situation（power is stronger than Tao）,turning the outside king to the internal saint.This is essentially the inevitable shift of Mencius after suffering the real hardship of the position of Yi Shi and Wang Dao politics.