用益物权客体范围的三维考察——兼评我国《物权法》第117条

Three-Dimensional Study on the Objects of Usufructuary Right——On the Legislatorial Design of the objects of Chinese Usufruct System

比较法考察表明,在土地吸附建筑物的不动产理念下,用益物权以土地为核心而设定,以在建筑物、动产和权利上设立役权、用益权、使用权等立法技术处理为辅助,形成客体范围宽泛的财产用益权利体系。在土地和建筑物各为独立的不动产的理念下,用益物权只在不动产上设定。用益物权的客体范围取决于对用益物权的制度模式选择与立法技术安排。我国用益物权制度的一般规定和具体权利之间、具体权利和物权法定原则之间均存在逻辑矛盾和法理冲突。功利性的文义解释掩饰逻辑矛盾,对把握法律真义造成误导。立法机关应当维护不动产概念内涵在物权法体系上的一致性,对用益物权的制度模式重新做出选择,在立法技术上对现行法规定之谬误进行补救。

The study of comparative law shows that under the idea of building adsorbed by land, land is taken as the core of usufructuary right. Buildings, movable properties and fights are auxiliary to usufructuary right. The scope of the objects of usufruct is broad. But under the idea of land and buildings are independent real estates respectively, usufructuary right only sets on real es- tate. The scope of the objects of usufructuary right depends on the usufruct system model and legislative technical arrangements. In part UI of Chinese Real Right Law, logical contradiction exists between general provisions and specific rights, and legal conflict also exists between specific rights and the legal principle of real right. Utilitarian interpretation of the letters covers up the logical contradiction and leads to the misunderstanding of the true meaning of the law. The legislature should uphold the consistency concept of real estate in the Real Right Law, re - select the system mode of usufructuary fight and remedy the legislative technical errors.