论福楼拜与自然主义和现代性

On Flaubert,Naturalism,and Modernity?

在文艺思想倾向上,19世纪的法国作家福楼拜是个很复杂的个案,他是从现实主义过渡到自然主义的关键人物。因此,中外学界在论及福楼拜的文艺思想时,往往在自然主义和现实主义之间犹疑和徘徊。从福楼拜的文学活动、文学理念和作品本身进行考察,我们发现,福楼拜客观公正的艺术追求,一定的实证精神与对人物的多方面、多层次的认识和描写等,使他成为开启自然主义思想先河的小说家,他同自然主义有着千丝万缕的关联,其文艺思想与创作实践都明显呈现出自然主义的特征。自然主义作家和理论家左拉、莫泊桑等一致将他奉为老师,并把《包法利夫人》视为自然主义的开山之作。在法国乃至整个欧洲文学史上,福楼拜是一位从传统走向现代的作家。

In literary theory, the 19th-century French writer Flaubert was a very complicated case, who is the key writer in the transition from realism to naturalism. Therefore, the Chinese and foreign scholars often hesitate between naturalism and realism in the discussion of Flaubert＇s literary ideas. From Flanbert＇s literary activities, ideas and works, we find that Flaubert becomes the first novelist that started naturalism because of his objective and impartial pursuit of art, demonstrative spirit and his multitude recognition and description of the character＇s various aspects. He had inextricable association with naturalism, and his literary ideas and creative practice are clearly showing naturalistic features. Naturalist writers and theorists, such as Zola, Maupassant, etc. regarded him as a teacher, and Madame Bovary as a starting point for naturalism. In French and even the European literary history, Flaubert is a writer from tradition to modern.