自然资源国家所有权的宪法限制

Constitutional Constraint on the State Ownership of Natural Resources

自然资源国家所有权缺乏公法限制的结果必然是谁控制、谁所有,消灭剥削的目的便不能实现。美国自然资源公共信托理论对代议机关和政府行使自然资源国家所有权施加了实体和程序上的限制,很好地维护了公共利益。我国《宪法》既包含了对政体、法治原则、平等原则、基本人权保障等方面的规定,也包含了对自然资源国家所有权的限制。这些限制要求国家将自然资源区分为国有公物和国有私物分别进行管理,必须分离自然资源的行政管理权和"剩余"所有权并交由两个独立的机构分别行使,必须将自然资源运用于对公民基本权利的保护,并应向自然资源开发利用人征收影响费,以维护代际平等。

The lack of constitutional constraint on the state ownership of natural resources leads to a consequence that the owner holds the property under his control, and the goal of eliminating exploitation fails to be achieved. The natural resources public trust theory of USA put a constraint on the entity and procedure for representative institutions and governments when they exercise their power of using natural resources. Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China not only includes the regulations on the system of government, the rule of law principle, equality principle, and basic human rights protection, but also contains the constraints on the state ownership of natural resources. The government should distinguish public property from private property in natural resources, and manage them differently through different institutions. The state should make use of the natural resources in the protection of basic civil right, and collect the fee from the users of natural resources for keeping intergenerational equity.