美国市民农园的发展、功能及建设模式初探

Exploration on the Development, Multifunction and Construction of Community Gardens in the United States

市民农园就是由一群人在同一地块上开展耕种的社区活动场所。作为城市农业的重要形式之一,它已成为协调城市人地关系的一种有效途径,其发展日益受到人们关注。为借鉴国外城市农业发展经验,通过对洛杉矶14个市民农园营建模式进行调查和梳理,研究了美国市民农园的发展、功能、类型。结果得出:美国市民农园已有百年历史,对美国社会、经济和文化的发展影响深远;不仅具有生产、生态和景观功能,而且有较高社会文化价值;有多种营建模式,管理体系较为完善;用地属性多为公有,以种植食用植物为主;重视节约管理和有机种植;亦有诸如租约等弊端影响其长远发展。这对中国城市农业发展、绿地规划具有借鉴意义。

Community gardens, any piece of land gardened and maintained by a group of people, as one form of urban agriculture, are effective way to improve the relationship between humans and urban land. In this paper, the history, main functions and basic forms of community gardens in America were briefly introduced. A field survey of about 14 community gardens in Los Angeles was conducted to better quantify the benefits provided to local residents. The studies indicated that Los Angeles community gardens had a 100 year long history of fulfilling multiple functions such as food, environmental benefits, and far reaching social, economic and cultural benefits. Community gardens often used reclaimed public lands and were most important for local food production. Frugality and organic farming also characterized these green spaces. But the innate defect such as land contracts would hinder the development of community garden. This model of gardening had significance for the urban agriculture and green space planning of China.