基于中国文物古迹保护准则的壁画保护方法论探索与实践

Exploration and Practice of the Methodology for Wall Painting Conservation Based Upon Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China

《中国文物古迹保护准则》是以国际古迹遗址理事会中国国家委员会的名义组织编写的,是在总结中国几十年的文物古迹保护的经验和教训并结合国际先进的保护理念的基础上完成的。根据《准则》的基本原则、程序和理念,结合古代壁画保护的特殊性,本文总结了壁画保护方法论十二步,即:全面调查保护对象、价值评估、壁画保护现状评估、确定壁画保存的理想状态、确定壁画保护的现实目标、壁画保护方案比选、壁画保护修复材料和工艺筛选、保护方案详细设计、壁画保护修复实施、壁画保护修复档案建设、壁画保护项目评估、壁画长期监测和日常维护。本文以莫高窟第85窟和第98窟保护实践的经验和教训为例,阐述了《准则》在壁画保护中的基础性指导作用,说明了凡是违背《准则》程序开展的保护工作将会给文物造成不可挽回的损失,进一步验证了《准则》的科学性。

Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China （hereafter referred to as the Principles） was written in the name of ICOMOS China. It was compiled by summarizing decades of conservation experience at Chinese heritage sites and absorbing international advanced conservation concepts. According to the basic principles, procedures, and concepts specified in the Principles as well as the particularities of the conservation of ancient wall paintings, the methodology for wall painting conservation is summarized in 12 steps, namely, comprehensive investigation of conservation; value assessment; assessment of current conservation condition; determination of optimum condition for wall painting conservation; determination of real goals for wall painting conservation; selection of wall painting conservation plans; research in the materials and techniques for wall painting conservation and restoration; detailed design of conservation plans; restoration of wall paintings; establishment of an archive for wall painting restoration; assessment of wall painting conservation projects; and long-term monitoring and daily maintenance of conservation. Based on the conservation practices in Mogao caves 85 and 98, this paper demonstrates that the Principles provides a scientific and basic set of guidelines for the conservation of wall paintings, and any conservation work that violates the conservation process set in the Principles will cause irretrievable loss of the cultural relics.