美国海洋管理制度研究——兼析奥巴马政府的海洋政策

The U.S. Maritime Management System and Obama's Maritime Policy

美国海洋管理制度在发展和演变中相继经历了行政区划管理、部门管理、综合管理等三种海洋管理模式。影响美国海洋管理制度的主要因素包括:美国对国家利益与安全的界定、利益集团、州政府和联邦政府分权博弈中的合作、国际海洋法等。奥巴马政府上台后进一步强化了美国海洋管理制度,其措施包括成立国家海洋委员会,统筹和协调联邦政府各部门的海洋管理工作,建立以生态保护为核心的区域协调的综合管理机制,强化海岸警卫队的海上执法能力,实现海上力量的全面合作。这些措施迎合当前美国海洋综合管理的需要。但美国在国际海洋制度方面继续采取以自己为标准的选择性多边主义,对其他国家的海上安全产生了负面影响。

The development of the U.S. maritime management system has mainly moved through three different stages: the management under different administrative regions, the management under different agencies and the integrated management. There are several important factors affecting the development of the U.S. maritime management system, among which are the understanding of national interest and security, international maritime law, interests groups, power struggle between state governments and the federal government. After the Obama Administration took office, the maritime management system has been further strengthened. The Administration has taken several important measures to coordinate the work of the maritime management of the federal government agencies, including the founding of the National Maritime Council, the establishment of the integrated, the regional-coordinated management system of ecological protection, an enhancement to U.S. Coast Guard law-enforcement capability. These measures meet the needs of the U.S. integrated maritime management system. But the U.S. Government continues to adopt selective multilateralism in the international maritime management in accordance with its own national interest, which has some negative effects on the maritime security of other countries.