改变世界的哲学何以可能(上)——从马克思到后马克思主义

How A philosophy Change the World Be Possible(Part Ⅰ)——From Marx to Post-Marxism

马克思主义哲学是一种指向改变世界的哲学,它肯定了人具有改变世界的历史行动的能力,而这就预设了世界的可改变性或非决定性,否则,改变世界就是不可能的;但另一方面,历史唯物主义又往往被理解为一种历史决定论,而这在逻辑上就使得改变世界成为不可能或不可理解之事。对于强调理论与实践相一致的马克思主义来说,这一矛盾无疑是根本性的大问题,因而也就成了每一种马克思主义哲学理论所不可避免地关注的核心问题。从第二国际马克思主义到当今后马克思主义,在理论上的每一重大变化,都可以看成是对这一矛盾处理方式的变化。而从当今后马克思主义所引发的激烈争论来看,这一矛盾仍然是我们不得不面对的根本性问题。迄今为止,关于马克思思想中改变世界的历史行动何以可能这一根本性的哲学问题,人们还只是提供了一些并不成功的解决方案,因而有必要探寻一种更为合理的处理方式。

With the orientation to change the world, Marxist philosophy affirms man＇s competence of historical act changing the world. This presumes the changeability and indeterminacy of the world, otherwise changing the world would be impossible. Historical materialism is always regarded as a kind of historical determinism, which makes changing the world impossible and inscrutable. For Marxism, which emphasizes the consistence of theory and praxis, this contradiction matters naturally, and is a fundamental and big issue, thus become a central issue that every kind of Marxism has to be concern with. From the Marxism of the Second International to today＇s post-Marxism, every important theory transformation can be regarded as transformation of the way to handle the contradiction. To the violent controversy inspired by post-Marxism, this contradiction is still fundamental issue that we have to face. In the first part of this article we will analyze several ways to handle the contradiction since the Second International, in the second part we will seek a more reasonable way from two folds perspective of actor and bystander.