合法化资源与中国工人的行动主义1957年上海“工潮”再研究

Resources of Legitimacy and Chinese Workers' Activism:Restudying Shanghai Workers' Strike in 1957

本文引入资源动员理论与政治过程理论,重新考察了1957年上海"工潮"中参与者、资源、动员网络和国家制度环境之间的互动关系。笔者认为,20世纪50年代的中国工人逐渐形成了影响其后的行动主义传统,这种传统突出表现在行动者对外部合法化资源(来自国家意识形态、权威领导人的言论、官方舆论倾向等)的依赖和获取之上,并与精英、认同和网络一起构成其行动主义动员机制中的诸多要素。

In the mid-1950s, a strike wave rolled across the city of Shanghai on an unprecedented scale. Elizabeth J. Perry wrote an article on it to stress the positive correlation of intra-working-class divisions with labor activism. While recognizing the fragmentation among the workers, this paper furthers the investigation to the area of mobilization mechanism of Chinese workers＂ activism, emphasizing the importance of the institutional environment of the state to the study of the demands and expressions of Chinese workers＂ protests in contemporary China. With China＇ s actual conditions taken into consideration, the resource mobilization theory and the political process model are adopted to reexamine Shanghai＇s strike wave of 1957 with a focus on the interaction between the participants, resources, mobilization networks and the institutional environment of the state. The author holds that the Chinese workers in the 1950s were gradually forming the far-reaching tradition of activism that was characterized of the actors＇ dependency upon and attainment of the external resources of legitimacy （including the ideology of the state, top leaders＇ statements, official opinions, etc. ）. These external resources of legitimacy, as well as the elite, identification, and networks, are the elements of the mobilization mechanism of activism. However, the Chinese workers＇ activism since the 1950s has been unsuccessful to obtain legitimate support for its action in the absence of the aforementioned external resources of legitimacy, resulting in the ineffectiveness of the action by the minority elite in mobilization on a large scale.