康德的法权哲学基础

Foundation of Kant's Philosophy of Legal Right

康德的法权哲学思路是和他的三个《批判》所述一致的,"科学知识"要发现"自然(关系)"中的"必然性",而"法权学"则是要在"人"的"关系"中发现"必然性",也就是关于"法权"的"先天综合"何以可能的问题。"法权"问题又和《实践理性批判》里所论述的"自由"密切相关。"自由"的"限制""关系"就《实践理性批判》所涉及的"道德"来说,"根据"在于一个"形式"的"应该",而就现实的"国家-法律"来说,则是"自由者"之间的"法权"关系。"法权""本体的所有"既"悬搁"又"范导""现象的所有"。"自由者"在"人格-格位""平等"基础上"限制"着各自的自由,由此而形成的"共同体"乃是"自由的共在"。

Kant＇s philosophy of legal right is consistent with his three books of criticism： ＂scientific knowledge＂ should find the ＂necessity＂ in ＂natural （relations）＂ while ＂legal right science＂ is supposed to find the ＂necessity＂ in the ＂relations＂, i. e. , how congenital comprehensiveness of legal right becomes possible. ＂Legal right＂ is closely related to the ＂freedom＂ in Criticism of Practical Rationality. In terms of the ＂moral＂ in Criticism of Practical Rationality, the ＂limit＂ of ＂freedom＂ is based on a ＂supposed form＂ while in terms of actual ＂country-law＂, it is the relations of ＂legal right＂ between ＂free people＂. ＂Ontological possession＂ of ＂legal right＂ not only ＂suspends＂ but ＂guides phenomenal ownership＂. ＂Free people limit＂ their freedom on the foundation of ＂equal character＂ and therefore, the formed ＂community＂ is called ＂free coexistence＂.