硅胶基质高效液相色谱填料研究进展

Silica Based Stationary Phases for High Performance Liquid Chromatography

高效液相色谱(HPLC)不仅是一种有效的分析分离手段,也是一种重要的高效制备分离技术。色谱柱是HPLC系统的核心,不同性能的填料是HPLC广泛应用的基础。硅胶是开发最早、研究最为深入、应用最为广泛的HPLC固定相基质,其制备方法主要有喷雾干燥法、溶胶-凝胶法、聚合诱导胶体凝聚法及模板法等。近年来,亚2μm小粒径硅胶、核-壳型硅胶、双孔径硅胶、介孔性硅胶、有机杂化硅胶等新型硅胶应用于HPLC并取得了色谱分离技术的飞速发展,例如基于亚2μm填料的超高压液相色谱技术、基于核-壳型填料的快速分离技术、基于杂化硅胶填料的高温液相色谱技术等。硅胶经表面化学键合、聚合物包覆等有机改性可制得先进的大分子限进填料、温敏性填料、手性填料等,大大扩展了HPLC的应用范围。本文对液相色谱用硅胶的制备方法、改性与修饰方法以及硅胶基质固定相的评价方法加以系统综述,概述了新型硅胶在HPLC中的应用进展,并对硅胶基质填料的发展方向与应用前景进行了展望。

High performance liquid chromatography is not only a useful analytical technique, but also an effective preparation method. The availability of a variety of stationary phases for column has been a key factor in the development of HPLC as a major scientific tool. With the most desirable compromise of properties that provide for effective and reproducible separations, silica has been the most widely used HPLC packing material. The silica microspheres are synthesized by various methods, including spray drying, sol-gel, polymerization induced colloid aggregation and templating methods. In recent years, atypical types of silica are prepared and applied in HPLC, such as sub-2μm silica particles, superficially porous silica particles, bimodal silica particles, mesoporous silica particles, organic/silica hybrid particles, etc. As a result, unique separation properties that enlarge the capabilities of HPLC methods have been achieved, such as ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography based on sub-2μm silica particles, fast liquid chromatography based on superficially porous silica particles, high temperature liquid chromatography based on organic/silica hybrid particles. Moreover, novel stationary phase can be obtained by chemical bonding or polymer modification of silica surface, such as chiral stationary phase, temperature-responsive stationary phase and restricted access materials. In this paper, the preparation methods and modification modes of silica particles are introduced, as well as the characterization methods of HPLC stationary phase. The applications of silica packing material in HPLC and its developing trends are also outlined.