政策运作的辩证逻辑——战后中国共产党土地政策的演变与执行

The Dialectics of Policy Operation:On the Transformation and Implementation of the CCP's Land Policy after the Anti-Japanese War

抗战结束后中国共产党土地政策的演变与执行,体现了政策运作中延续与变迁、表达与实践、温和与激进、上级与下级间的辩证逻辑。中国共产党土地政策演变的前后阶段往往呈现出相互交叠的特征,政策制定者也会根据不同情形而分别强调政策的"变"与"不变";政策执行可能偏离政策规定,政策目标与政策宣传可能背道而驰,政策制定者也可能有意利用政策执行之偏差;温和意味着团结和秩序,激进意味着斗争和活力,政策的温和与激进既是客观形势之后果,也与政策制定者的主观选择密切相关;政策执行者并非同质性的整体,上下级之间在政策演变和执行中不断互动,其间既有命令与服从,也有批评与抵制、推诿与抗拒。

The transformation and implementation of the CCP's land policy after the Anti-Japanese War bespoke a dialectics of policy operation,which is fluctuating between continuity and change,expression and practice,moderation and radicalness,leaders and subordinates.The CCP's land policy presents a stage before and after of overlapping characteristics.On the level of leadership,policymakers might stress the change or continuity of land policy depending on how the situation stood.On the level of implementation,the policy might be bent to serve local interest and publicities counteract the original objectives.The land policy,moderate or radical,was both a consequence of objective circumstances and a choice of policymakers' subjective judgments.Far from being a homogeneous entity,the implementers enact a drama of ongoing interactions and tensions,the pattern of relations between the superiors and their subordinates featured not only command and obedience,but also criticism and resistance,evasion and defiance.