农田水利的三种模式比较及启示——以湖北省荆门市新贺泵站为例

A Comparative Study of the Three Modes of Rural Water Conservation:Taking Xinhe Pumping Station of Jingmen City,Hubei Province as an Example

新贺泵站的变迁史的启示是,能否有效整合分散农户、克服搭便车难题,是乡村水利体制顺利运转的关键。尽管组织模式能够将水利体制与基层治理紧密结合,克服搭便车难题,但在人民公社走向终结、原有治理体制解体的情况下,组织模式已经无法继续维系下去。在农户个体数量众多且呈高度分散状态、农民分化程度日益加剧的状况下,水利供给的市场化和合作化都因为缺少相配套的制度体系和技术手段而无法对分散农户进行整合以克服搭便车难题。要走出当前农田水利困境,既需要强化国家及其基层代理人在水利供给中的组织者角色,使水利体制嵌入进乡村治理之中,又要求优化和重构农田水利的社会基础,加强农村社会核心价值观建设,培育具有权利义务平衡观念的、适应社会主义新农村建设和现代国家建构需求的新型农民。

The history of Xinhe Pumping Station has taught us a lesson that the effective integration of dispersed households and overcoming the free-rider problem is a key to the smooth operation of the rural water conservation system. Despite that the organization mode is capable of closely combining the water conservation system and the grass-root management and resolving the free-rider problem, the organization mode it- self can hardly survive in the social context of the disintegration of the people＇s communes and the original management system. In the present situation of abundant scattered farming households with increasingly differentiated farmers, the water conservation supply marketization and collaboration tend to fail to integrate the deconcentrated households and tackle the free-rider problem as a consequence of insufficient configuration of regulations and technical measures. To help the water conservation shake off its present plights, the manager role played by the state and the grass-root agents in the supply of water conservation should be enhanced so that the water conservation is inserted in the rural governance. Besides, the social foundation of water conservation should be optimized and reconstructed to strengthen the rural social central values and train the new farmers with a right and obligation balancing ideology, suitable for the socialist New Rural Construction.