地震灾害批量伤员医学救援的组织与实施

Organization and implementation of medical rescue of mass casualties during earthquake

近百年来,全球共发生里氏7级以上地震40余起,在中国就发生10起,造成60万人罹难,占全球因地震死亡人数的53%。2008年5月12日,中国四川汶川发生里氏8.0级特大地震,共造成6.9万人死亡,1.8万人失踪,37万人受伤,其中重伤员1万余名,伤情以外伤为主,骨折伤占74%。2010年4月14日,中国青海玉树发生7.1级强烈地震,共有2698人死亡,270人失踪,1.1万余人受伤,其中重伤员3100多名,骨折伤占58.4%。两次地震发生后,中国军队卫勤依法行动,迅即反应,尽遣精锐,高效指挥,科学组织,全面参与医学救援行动。在汶川地震中,共派出397支机动卫勤分队,7061名卫生人员,累计收治伤员6.9万人次,实施手术2.2万例。在玉树地震中,共派出25支机动卫勤分队,2025名卫生人员,实施手术1635例,创造了救治高原寒区批量地震伤员和高原病患者"零死亡"的奇迹。中国军队卫勤卓有成效的现场救治,使得两次地震在一周内救治伤病员的数量都达到了总数的60%,收治转运后送伤病员数占总数的80%,有效地发挥了突击队和主力军的作用,为夺取抗震救灾的最后胜利作出了重要贡献。中国军队卫勤在两次地震医学救援实践中得到的启示:一是必须创新医学救援理论;二是必须搞好军地组织协同;三是必须加强专业救援力量;四是必须加强配套手段建设;五是必须深化国际交流与合作。

Over the past century, there were more than 40 earthquakes greater than 7 magnitude occurred worldwide, 10 of which in China, which killed 600 thousand people accounting for 53% of global earthquake deaths. On May 12, 2008, an 8.0-magnitude earthquake occurred in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province, causing 69000 deaths, 18000 missings, and 370000 injuries. Among 10 thousand severe injuries, most were traumatic injuries, 74% of which were fracture. On April 14, 2010, a 7.1-magnitude earthquake occurred in Yushu, Qjnghai Province. There were 2698 deaths, 270 missings and 11000 injuries. Among 3100 severe injuries, fracture injuries accounted for 58.4%. After each earthquake, the Chinese Army Medical Services took actions and made quick response according to the law. They sent out elites with efficient command and scientific organization, fully participating in the medical rescue operations. After Wenchuan earthquake, 397 mobile medical service units and 7061 health workers were sent out. A total of 69,000 people were treated, and 22,000 cases of surgeries were performed. After Yushu earthquake, a total of 25 mobile medical service units and 2025 health workers were sent. They performed 1635 cases of surgeries with a miracle of ＂zero death＂ in mass earthquake casualties and altitude diseases in cold highlands. After each earthquake, injuries cured within 1 week accounted for 60% of the total, and patients evacuated accounted for 80% of the total, which owed to the effective first aid in site of Chinese army medical service. They effectively played the role as the main force, making significant contributions for the final victory of earthquake relief. From the practice of medical rescue revelation after the two earthquakes, what Chinese Army Medical Services learned are： firstly, the theory of medical relief should be innovated; secondly, military and civilian organizations should be coordinated; thirdly, professional rescue force should be strengthened; fourthly, supporting means should he constructed; fifthly, international communication and cooperation should be deepened.