关于明代的“京报”问题

On Ching-pao in Ming Dynasty

明代是否存在"京报"以及"京报"的性质问题,一直是新闻史学界长期关注的话题。此前,作为文献史料,仅限于清人俞正燮《癸巳存稿》中的一则材料。当代新闻史学者对史料的发掘又有了一些新的进展,如方汉奇、姚福申等先生的考察,但也多限于小说、戏曲等文学作品的描述。根据元明时期文献中关于"京报"的若干材料,从词源学的角度分析,认为"京报"一词最早产生于元代;作为报纸的形态,明代的"京报"已经存在,而且包括两种不同性质的类型:一类是封建政府的官报——邸报,一类是民间报房的私报——小报。明代"京报"具有的双重称谓,主要原因可能是由于阅读者的"误读"造成的。

Whether there has been the existence of Ching-pao in Ming Dynasty and its nature has long been a topic of concern to journalist historians.Prior to that,the historical document was only limited to Yu Zhengxie＇s material in Guisi Manuscript.Contemporary journalist historians have made some new progress in the exploration of historical data,like the explorations made by Fang Hanqi and Yao Fusheng,etc,though they are mainly the descriptions of fictions,dramas and other literary works.Based on the historical documents in Yuan and Ming Dynasties,the paper assumes from the etymological perspective that the term of ＂Ching-pao＂ originated as early as in Yuan Dynasty,and got published in Ming Dynasty as a kind of newspaper,which could be divided into two types： the feudal government＇s official newspaper and the folk private newspaper.Moreover,the paper also points out that Ching-pao in Ming Dynasty bearing dual titles is mainly due to readers＇ ＂misunderstanding＂.