氮、磷、钾用量与种植密度对油菜产量和品质的影响

Effects of application amounts of nitrogen,phosphate and potassium and planting density on yield and quality of rapeseed

以"华油杂9号"为试验材料,固定氮(N)∶磷(P2O5)∶钾(K2O)比例为1∶0.55∶0.8。设置施纯氮量135、225、315 kg/hm2,以及种植密度15、45、75万株/hm2的不同处理,研究施肥量与密度对油菜产量及品质的影响。结果表明,籽粒产量随施肥量、密度的增大而增加,增加施肥量的增产幅度大于增加密度;施肥水平较低时,提高密度的增产作用更为显著。改变施肥量与密度对经济性状、产量构成因素均可产生显著影响,但改变密度对单株有效分枝数及角果数的影响更大。不同肥力下密度每增加30万株/hm2,单株有效分枝数降低1.7～3.8个。主茎籽粒含油量高于分枝,蛋白质及硫苷含量低于分枝。随施肥量增加含油量下降,硫苷、蛋白质含量上升。随密度增加含油量上升,蛋白质含量下降,主茎与分枝的硫苷含量上升,但整株硫苷含量下降。因此,若以减少施肥、节本增效为前提,选择每公顷施纯氮135～225 kg、P2O575～124 kg、K2O 108～180 kg,并且在45～75万株/hm2范围内适当提高密度,有利于获得3000 kg/hm2以上的籽粒产量。

The effects of application amounts of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium and planting density on yield and quality of rape cuhivar, Huayouza 9, under the fixed N ： P2O5：K2O ratio （ 1 ： 0.55：0.80） conditions of different nitrogen levels （ 135,225 and 315 kg/ha） and planting densities （ 15 ×10^4, 45 ×10^4 and 75 × 10^4plant/ha）. The results show that yields of rapeseed are increased with the increases of fertilizer and density, and the influences of fertilizer levels on the increased yield rates are more effective than those of the densities. The increases of densities under the low fertilizer level have significant effect on the increased yields. There are great differences on main economic characters and yield when the fertilizer level and density are changed. However, the density has more influ- ence on the number of the effective branches and pods. When the increased density by 30 ×10^4 plant/ha, the num- ber of effective branches is reduced 1.7 -3.8 per plant. The oil content of rapeseed of main stem is higher than that of branches, while the contents of protein and glucosinolate are lower in the main stems. There would be a fall in the content of oil and an increase of protein and glucosinolate in rapeseed when the amount of fertilizer is raised, while when the density is increased, there would be an increase in oil content and falls in the contents of protein and glucosinolate of main stem and branches, and a fall in the glucosinolate content of the whole plant. Considering reducing fertilizer application, saving cost and increase efficiency, the optimum levels of N, P2O5 and K2O applica-tion for Huayouza 9 are 135 -225 kg/ha, 75 -124 kg/ha and 108 -180 kg/ha respectively, and density is increased appropriately in the range of 45 × 10^4 -75 × 10^4plant/ha in order to obtain seed yield more than 3000 kg/ba.