公共产品供给民营化背景下的政府规制研究

The Study on Government Regulation of Public Goods Under the Background of Privatization

20世纪90年代开始,我国启动了公用事业市场化改革,民营资本特别是外资流向自来水供给、污水处理、城市生活垃圾收集与处理、燃气供应等行业。私人部门的介入激活了公共产品供给市场,有利于社会福利的增进,但也招致了诸多问题。公共产品供给民营化,并不意味着政府的完全退出,政府始终负有向社会公众提供公共产品或服务的原始责任,民营化只是在提供的形式上完成了向私人部门的转移,政府应完成从公共产品直接提供者向规制者的角色转换。本文以城市生活垃圾产业为例,进行了系统的分析。认为有效的规制应建立在真实的规制环境上,在城市生活垃圾产业民营化的规制中,面临着现有规制者与合约方一体、规制机构与企业信息不对称、政府部门承诺有限等规制约束。基于目前的规制环境,我国城市生活垃圾产业在推进民营化的同时,应建立起独立的规制机构,加强监管,逐步纵向一体民营化以降低交易成本,在合约中采用指数化价格分享企业租金。

The public utilities marketization was initiated in China at the beginning of 1990＇s. Private capital, especially the foreign fund, floated to the industries, such as tap water supply, sewage disposal, urban waste collection and disposal, and gas supply, etc. The private sector interference activated the public product supply market. This increased the social welfare. However, a lot of problems have appeared. Privatization of public good does not mean government＇ s complete exit. Actually government always takes the original responsibility to provide public product or service for the society. Privatization only has achieved the transformation to the private sector. It is the government that converts the role of public product supplier to regulator. Effective regulation is based on the authentic environment. Some constraints exist in the regulating process of urban domestic waste privatization, for instance, combination of regulator and participants, information asymmetry between regulator and enterprises and limited promises from government. Based on this kind of privatization, our urban domestic waste industry should set up independent organization and strengthen the supervision, simplify privatization integration to reduce cost, and use index-linked price to share enterprise rents.