“哥伦布写道”:当代加拿大土著文学中的文字书写与抵抗(英文)

"Columbus Wrote":Literacy and Resistance in Contemporary Canadian First Nations Literature

本文考察了当代加拿大土著作家的作品,并探讨了文字书写与口头形态在这些文本中的体现。与北美洲其他土著居民一样,加拿大土著民文化也是传统上的口头文化。尽管许多土著民也有一些例如珠饰、冬画和岩刻等书面表达的形式,但是这些土著民的智慧和训诫主要还是存在于口头故事中,因此北美洲的文字书写是伴随殖民者到达的。本文探讨了当代土著作家如何对嵌入书写活动自身的殖民历史进行深入思考,认为路易斯·伯妮斯·海弗、珍妮特·阿姆斯特朗、玛丽亚·坎贝尔等作家在书写文本的建构中融入了口头故事讲述的风格,其目的是对欧洲文学传统中的帝国主义进行抵制。尽管土著传统大多源自口头文化,这些作家仍然致力于开创一种能深刻表达土著民身份的书写形式。他们的作品采用欧洲形式,却又以新的方式对它们加以改造,力图使土著传统能够在当代北美洲多元文化(同时仍是被殖民的)语境下发出声音,因而具有跨文化的意图。

This paper examines work by contemporary Native writers in Canada and explores the representations of literacy and orality in these texts.Like other Aboriginal peoples in North America,Canadian Native cultures are traditionally oral cultures.While many Aboriginal nations also had some forms of written expression such as beadwork,winter-count drawings and rock art,the wisdom and teachings of these nations reside primarily in oral stories.Thus the arrival of colonizing nations in North America was attended by the arrival of writing.This paper studies the ways in which Native writers today reflect upon the colonial histories that are embedded within the activity of writing itself.The paper argues that writers such as Louise Bernice Halfe,Jeannette Armstrong and Maria Campbell create literary texts that are infused with the style of oral storytelling as a way of combating the imperialism of European literary traditions.These writers work to forge a new kind of writing that is deeply expressive of Aboriginal identities despite the fact that Aboriginal traditions arise largely from oral culture.Their work is cross-cultural in intent because it takes European forms and re-creates them in a new way to give voice to Aboriginal traditions in the contemporary multicultural （and still colonized） context of North America.