被男性英雄世界边缘化的女人——女性诗学视野下《江格尔》与《伊里亚特》女性形象比较

Women Marginalized by the World of Male Heroes——Female Images in Jangar and Iliad from the Feminist Perspective

蒙古族史诗《江格尔》和古希腊史诗《伊里亚特》是闻名世界的英雄史诗。这些故事的主角是男性英雄。在男性光环的笼罩下,女人被遮蔽了,她们似乎变得无足轻重。但当我们细读文本时,不能不看到那些被男性英雄世界边缘化的女人,她们与战争有着密切的关系。《伊里亚特》中的女性形象虽然数量较少,表演机会不多,描写简单,但她们却要承担着战争起因的罪名和战争苦难的结局。相比而言,《江格尔》中的女性不仅人数多,出场率高,描写也相当细腻。但是,蒙古族史诗中的女人同样没有逃脱古希腊史诗中女人的不幸命运。当我们从女性诗学的视角透视战争时,古代战争呈现给世界的不是可歌可泣的英雄业绩,也不是令人惊心动魄的战争场面,而是一曲如泣如诉的悲歌,一曲催人泪下的挽歌。

Both the Mongolian epic Jangar and the ancient Greek epic Iliad are world-famous epics about grand heroes.The protagonists of these stories are male heroes,whose hallow marginalizes women and makes them invisible.But when we scrutinize the text,we will definitely see those women suppressed by the male-hero dominated world.They are closely associated with war.Although there are few female characters in Iliad,and those few make rare appearances and are grudgingly portrayed,they either bear the stigma as the cause of war or become victims of the sufferings brought on by war.In contrast,there are not only more female characters in Jangar,but they make more frequent appearances and are more elaborately depicted.However,those women in the Mongolian epic fail to escape their unfortunate destiny just like their counterparts in the ancient Greek epic.In this sense,the picture an epic presents to the world is more of shocking scenes of warfare,a plaintive,weep-like song,and a dirge that will wring tears from the audience than of laudable and touching heroic deeds when we examine war from the feminist perspective.