价值虚无主义与价值秩序建构

Value Nihilism and the Construction of Value Order

哲学意义上的虚无主义主要指价值论和存在论上的虚无主义,尼采和海德格尔都将虚无主义的根源归结为传统形而上学。尼采从价值论视角理解虚无主义,认为虚无主义源于传统形而上学的虚构及其坍塌带来的最高价值的自行贬斥。海德格尔从存在论角度批判尼采以及传统形而上学,认为对存在的遗忘是虚无主义的根源。尼采主张以权力意志走出价值虚无主义的泥沼。同样从价值论理解虚无主义的列奥.施特劳斯主张回归古典政治哲学自然正当的形而上学作为克服价值虚无主义的方式。现代人精神生活面临的根本困境是价值虚无主义,随之而来的价值多元和价值相对主义表征社会价值失序境况,在以权力意志、自然正当等形而上学的绝对主义价值原则和自由主义价值中立原则作为走出价值虚无主义的方案失败后,回归共同体、回归言说的公共生活是重建价值秩序根基、走出价值虚无的可能路径。

Nihilism in the philosophical sense designates axiological nihilism and ontological nihilism.Nietzsche and Heidegger attributed nihilism to the traditional metaphysics.Nietzsche deliberated nihilism from the perspective of axiology and pinpointed the root of nihilism,that is,the fabrication of the traditional metaphysics and the collapse of the supreme value.Heidegger criticized Nietzsche and the traditional metaphysics from the angle of ontology and considered that the causation of nihilism was the oblivion of the being itself.Nietzsche advocated breaking away from value nihilism through ＂the will to power＂.Like Nietzsche,Leo Strauss also apprehended nihilism from the point of view of axiology.However he attempted to overcome nihilism by appealing to natural right of classical political philosophy.Value nihilism is the spiritual dilemma of modern humans.The value pluralism and value relativism characterize value disorder after value nihilism.After the failure of the schemes of overcoming value nihilism by metaphysical value absolutism like ＂the will to power＂ or natural right and value neutrality of liberalism,reviving community and public life of discourse to acquire steady basis of value order is the possible approach of walking out of value nihilism.