重构、建构与解构之间--从文学形式论史学类型与史学性质

Among Reconstruction,Construction and Deconstruction:On History Genres and Historical Natures from the Angle of Literary Forms

凯斯·詹金斯和艾伦·穆斯洛将当代西方史学界对于历史学性质问题的立场划分为重构主义、建构主义、解构主义三种分野。重构主义强调历史知识与过去实在相符合的客观性与真理性,相信史家具有以历史叙事的方式重建过去的技能;建构主义主张历史在根本层面上依旧是对过去的摹写,但在经验事实之外需要借助其他学科的理论和方法,以期实现对总体历史的建构;解构主义则指出了过去与历史之间、真实与叙述之间、实在与语言之间联结的脆弱性,主张以解构历史编纂学的方式透析过去如何被编制为各种历史。这种史学类型的划分本身即蕴涵了后现代主义的基本理论立场与实际指涉,从中可以更加清晰地辨识其对历史学性质问题挑战的核心范围与思想取向。

Postmodern historical theorists,Keith Jenkins and Alun Munslow argued about the history genres from literary forms,and further classified the understandings of the nature of history into three categories:reconstructionism,constructionism and deconstructionism. Generally speaking,reconstructionists stress on the objectivity and truth of the accordance of historical knowledge and reality. They also believe that true stories can be rediscovered and narrated accurately by historians. As for constructionists,they assert that history,in essence,is still the counter draw of the past. However,the construction of general history can only be realized by applying theories and methods of other disciplines beside the experienced reality. In addition,deconstructionism points out the fragility of the links between past and history,reality and narration,as well as objectivity and language. It also comprehensively questions the possibility of transforming the past into real history in reconstructive or constructive ways. Therefore,it suggests a way of history destruction to study how the past is compiled into all kinds of historical stories. The attribution of the three history genres reveals the postmodern theoretical positions and consequently bores its own value and function.