创新的后坐力——医学创新外部成本内部化探讨

Both Recoil of Innovation: The Internalization of External Costs in Medical Innovations

医学创新是医学技术发展的主要动力,但随着创新技术的使用,一些难以解决的负面影响逐渐显现。引用了经济学中"外部成本"的概念,从医学伦理学角度,系统分析了医学创新萌芽、研发和实践三个阶段中外部成本的存在形式。研究发现,由于创新人员对创新成果的两面性缺乏全面认识,在其利弊博弈中重视优势,而忽略其负面影响,从而对医学创新的直接利益相关者产生负效应。针对医学领域中的各类创新主体,引用经济学中外部成本降解方法:通过提高科研人员思想认识,约束外部成本的产生;或将外部成本内部化,通过患者或医疗机构的价格补偿减少其危害,从而降低医学创新外部成本对社会和个人的影响,使医学创新实践更加安全、高效。

Medical innovations is a mainly motivate for the developing medicine technologies.Application of the innovative technology,however,were followed with many various problems which have been emerged without preventive approaches.According to the notion of External Costs in economics,this paper at the perspective of medical ethic discusses the forms of external costs which engendered different phase in medical research： theoretical analysis,research and development,and application.The results indicate that medical innovation usually produce negative effects for direct stakeholders of Medical innovation,because only emphasizing on the merits of adventure and omission of damage of the novel techniques.According to classification of subjects in innovation and economical theories of internalization,this paper puts measures forward to the resolving of problems： at the producing stage,restrain the emerging of external costs by enhancing researchers awareness of comprehensive analyzing before the release of production;or compensate the influences,after the application of new techniques or productions,by solving such costs into the price.In favor of those two internalizing methods,negative effects of external costs to individuals and society are bound to be reduced,with more safety and efficiency in the procedure of medicine development.