浅谈中华民国立国之初的政体形式

Republican China Systems of Government at the Beginning of its Statehood

中华民国立国之初政体混乱,严重影响和制约了中国社会民主政治的发展,时有"总统制"、"责任内阁制"和"三权分立的政治体制"的表述。中华民国立国之初,孙中山先生先取总统制共和政体,进而又改用责任内阁制。袁世凯窃取大总统职位后,改责任内阁制为总统制。一度还因复辟而出现短暂"帝制"。袁世凯帝制自为失败后,又恢复了责任内阁制。政体形式的反复变化,折射出了民国之初中国革命的艰难曲折,也反映了资产阶级共和革命的艰难困苦。长期以来,中学历史教材的相关表述不规范、不准确,导致教学过程中出现了概念混乱现象。基础教育涉及面范围广泛,影响较为深远。因此澄清事实,辨别真伪,具有很重要的意义。

Republican China at the beginning of its statehood had restricted development in social democratic politics due to a confusing complex of a presidential system,a cabinet system and separation of powers.Sun Yat-sen first adopted presidential republic system and then cabinet system.Yuan Shikai resumed presidential system after usurping presidency and restored imperial system which survived for a short time.Failure in imperial system,Yuan used cabinet system.The complicated changes of forms of government reflect the hardships of Republican revolution in Old China,especially for bourgeois republican revolution.To ensure historic authenticity and avoid confusion,it is significant to correct inaccurate statements or definitions in high-school history textbook.