唐代乡村治理模式的演变——以“逃户”问题为中心的考察

The Evolution of Rural Governance Pattern in Tang Dynasty——An Investigation on the People without Household Registration

人口掌控历来是国家介入乡村社会的主要推手,而传统社会普遍存在的"逃户"问题直接决定了乡村治理的走向。唐初,统治者继承三代以来的乡官制,将其构建的"均田——租庸调——户籍"制度体系全面植入乡村社会,形成了一元权力支配下的治理模式。随着均田制不断地被蚕噬,"逃户"问题开始凸显,在"逃"与"括"的反复博弈进程中,政府掌控能力渐趋弱化。安史之乱后,"逃户"问题持续恶化,"以官治民"为核心的科层治理结构完全崩溃,为了摆脱严峻的乡治困境,唐政府顺势应变,废止乡官制,将以富户轮差为基础的职役制推向前台,乡村治理模式由此转型。

Population control has always been the major motivation for the state power to intervene in rural soci- ety,but the problems of the people without household registration in traditional society influenced the ruler on obtaining the most from rural resources, and changed the ways of rural governance. In early Tang dynasty, the government structured the Trinity system of basic political ecology, including land equalization system, zuyongdiao and household registration system, and achieved the overall control of rural society. With the de- struction of the land equalization system, the problems of the people without household registration stood out gradually and the controlling force of the government became weaker. After An Shi Rebellion, the problems of the people without household registration continued to deteriorate, and the rural governance based on the land equalization system broke down. In order to get rid of the dilemma of rural governance, Tang government abolished the rural official system and the mode of rural governance changed from then on.