近年我国玉米超高产田的分布、产量构成及关键技术

Distribution,Yield Structure,and Key Cultural Techniques of Maize Super-high Yield Plots in Recent Years

2006—2010年,全国玉米栽培学组专家在全国不同区域开展了玉米高产潜力探索及小面积超高产创建工作。本文对经过严格测产且产量达到和超过15000kghm-2的159个地块的地理分布、产量构成因素及关键技术分析表明:(1)大多数高产田分布在较高纬度(40°～43°N)、较高海拔(1000～1500m)地区,这些地区具有昼夜温差大、光照充足等利于高产的自然因素,选择这样的区域是实现超高产的重要因素;(2)平均单产16692kghm-2,88950穗hm-2、每穗541粒,千粒重360.0g,穗粒重191.8g;通径分析表明,穗数和粒数对产量的贡献最大;(3)高产关键技术主要是,采用耐密型高产稳产品种,合理提高密度,充足的水肥供给,科学管理和地膜覆盖等。

Maize high-yield potential and small-area super-high yield researches were conducted in different areas in 2006-2010.The geographical distribution,yield components,and key cultivation techniques of 159 maize super-high yield plots with yield higher than 15 000 kg ha 1 were analyzed.Most high-yield plots were distributed in high latitude（40°-43°N） and high elevation regions（1000-1500 m） with abundant sunlight and high temperature in daytime and low temperature during night.These condi-tions were primary factors for super-high yield of maize.The cultivars with super-high yields had the average yield of 16 692 kg ha 1 with 88 950 ears ha 1,541 kernels per ear,1000-kernel weight of 360.0 g,and ear weight of 191.8 g.According to the result of path analysis,the ear and kernel numbers were significantly correlated with kernel yield.The key techniques for maize high-yielding cultivation included selection of cultivars with tolerance to high density,reasonable dense planting,abundant sup-plies of water and fertilizer,proper filed management,and film mulching.