客家民间信仰与稻作文化——以宁化石壁客家为例

本文所指的＂石壁地区＂是指以福建省宁化县石壁镇为中心的闽西与赣南交界的一带地区（以下简称＂石壁＂）。石壁客家民间信仰在闽赣粤客家原生地民间信仰中具有较强的代表性。本文以石壁客家民间信仰为例,探讨客家民间信仰与稻作文化之间的关系。石壁是客家先民最重要的集聚地,也是孕育客家民系最重要的地区之一。客家先民辗转迁徙至此,远离了中原和长江中下游地区的战乱,在地广人稀的自然环境中获得了生存与发展的空间。

Shibi Area is one of the most important places where Hakka pioneers migrated and settled down.The residence of Hakka people promoted the spread of advanced agricultural technology in the Central Plains Area and the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River.Since Song Dinasty,Shibi Area has witnessed great development of farming which was mainly rice growing,forming gradually its own rice culture characterized by geographical feature and Hakka Culture.Hakka rice culture consists of many aspects of social life advanced by rice-growing,such as mode of production,habits and customs,religious creed,way of thinking and so on.In Shibi Area,the folk briefs of Hakkas are bound closely with rice growing,being an important part of rice culture.Although the folk briefs are extremly complecated,their folloeing order and functional features can still be found out if we take a closer look：（1） close relation with the seasons of rice-growing;（2） link with the humanism of Chinese culture——sages,heros and ancestors have been deified as idols,forming an orderly brief system;（3） characteristics of primitive culture——a series of natural objects have become faith targets and the Nuo Culture also highlights the primitiveness of environment in Hakka area;（4）utilitarianism which can find evidence in the fact that Buddhist and Taoist gods are secularized to join popular gods.The Hakka folk briefs of Shibi Area is one kind of cultural production during the transition period from primitive agriculture to ancient advanced agriculture,playing an essencial role in unifying clans and people,overcoming tough natural conditions,regulating and supporting spiritual life and nurturing the Hakka Spirit.