教科书适切于农村:新中国成立六十年以来的趋近与悖离

Development Trend of Textbooks’ Suitability to the Rural Areas:Six Decades since the Founding of New China

新中国成立六十年以来，为了使教科书贴近农村，进行了如下努力：通过服务工农的国家宗旨，确定教科书服务农村的方向；在教育与生产劳动相结合运动中，使教科书融入农村；在尊重农民并倾听他们呼声过程中，关注了解农村；在教科书多样化过程中，关照农村；在调整农村教学目标过程中，切合农村；在乡土文化传承中，贴近农村。但六十年来也存在着教科书悖离农村的几种情况：对苏联教科书的过度模仿，远离了中国农村实际；对直接知识的过度强调，偏离了教科书的意义；城乡教育差距加大了教科书在农村的教学难度；过分让渡教育权力给农村，损伤了教科书的统一性；农村地方课程开发不善，降低了教科书在农村的实效性。反思新中国成立六十年以来教科书适切于农村的发展历程，需有整体性思维，营造教科书在农村教学的良好环境，加大教科书在农村的二次开发力度。

Efforts have been done to make the textbooks suitable to the rural areas during six decades since the foundation of New China, for example, to ensure the direction of textbooks＇ serving the rural areas under the national aim to serve workers and peasants; to integrate textbooks into the movement of combining education with productive labour, to get to know the rural areas by respecting and listening to the peasants＇ calls, to attach importance to the rural areas in the process of textbook diversity, to adjust teaching objectives to fit for the rural areas, to adapt to the rurals in the process of inheriting the native culture. However, there exist some problems. Firstly, too much imitation of Soviet has made the textbooks go far away from the practice of the rural areas. Secondly, overemphasizing direct knowledge has distorted the meaning of the textbooks. Thirdly, the educational gap between the urban and rural areas has made the teaching in the rural areas more difficult. Fourthly, the excessive guarantee of the education power to the rural area has damaged the unification of the textbooks. Lastly, the poor local curriculum development in the rural areas decrease the efficacy of the textbooks in the rural areas. Therefore, comprehensive thinking , good environment of teaching in the rural areas and more efforts on increasing curriculum textbooks in the rural areas are needed to make the textbooks more adaptable to the rural areas.