黝铜矿-砷黝铜矿矿物学研究进展

Research Progress in Tetrahedrite-Tennantite Minerals

黝铜矿-砷黝铜矿系列矿物(Tetrahedrite-Tennantite Series Mineral,TTSM)作为含Cu、Ag、S、Sb、As、Hg及少量Au、Fe、Zn、Cd、Bi、Te、Se的硫盐矿物广泛存在于世界各地的Cu、Ag、Au、Pb、Zn多金属矿床中。为了能够更好的认识该系列矿物,提高矿物中有用元素的回收率,扩大黝铜矿型铜矿床的经济效益,本文对TTSM的化学组成和类质同象置换规律,晶胞参数和晶体结构的形变,矿物人工合成和有用元素的浸出试验等研究进展进行了综述。天然TTSM矿物一般化学式为:(Cu,Ag6)Cu4(Fe,Zn,Cu,Hg,Ag,Cd)2(Sb,As,Bi,Te)4(S,Se)13,其中S-Se、Sb-As-Bi-Te、Ag-Cu、Cu-Hg-Fe-Pb-Zn-Cd的类质同象置换相当普遍;TTSM晶体结构中不同结构位置离子置换规律更多的受限于离子价键,而同一结构位置不同离子的置换除受限于离子价键还受限于该位置空间大小,晶胞参数与离子置换类型和数量密切相关;人工合成实验证实形成TTSM矿物的温度范围为350～540℃,浸出试验证明随反应温度增高、浸出浓度增大、矿物颗粒减小时,TTSM中有用元素的浸出速率增大。

Tetrahedrite-tennantite series mineral（TTSM）,an important sulphosalt containing Cu,Ag,S,Sb,As,Hg and a small amount of Au、Fe、Zn、Cd、Bi、Te、Se,exists widely in polymetallic deposits of Cu,Ag,Au,Pb,Zn worldwide.In order to better understand TTSM,to improve the recovery rates of useful elements in minerals and to expand the economic benefits of copper deposit,this paper reviews the related research development of TTSM,such as,chemical composition and isomorphous substitution rules,unit cell parameters and crystal structure deformation,synthetic mineral and leaching tests of useful elements.The general chemical formula of TTSM is（Cu,Ag）6Cu4（Fe,Zn,Cu,Hg,Ag,Cd）2（Sb,As,Bi,Te）4（S,Se）13,and the isomorphism substitution of S-Se,Sb-As-Bi-Te,Ag-Cu,Cu-Hg-Fe-Pb-Zn-Cd is quite common;Ion exchange law in different structural position of TTSM crystal structure is limited mostly by ion valence bonds,while the exchange law of different ion in the same structural position not only relies on the ion valence bond but also closely relates to dimensional size of the position,unit cell parameters and the type and the number of ion exchange;Synthetic experiments demonstrated the temperature range of TTSM minerals formation is 350-540℃,and leaching experiments proved leaching rate of useful elements increases with raising reaction temperature,increasing leaching concentration and decreasing mineral grains.