农村锡箔加工家庭儿童铅危害调查分析

Lead hazard investigation of children in tin foil processing family workshops

目的:调查分析家庭锡箔加工作业对儿童铅危害的现状,为开展家庭锡箔加工铅危害的防治与管理提供科学依据。方法:通过问卷形式,调查某村38户家庭锡箔加工户,对20个加工场所、10个生活居室环境空气进行铅尘、铅烟浓度测定;对45名儿童、236名锡箔加工人员进行血铅检测,并选择另一村无家庭铅污染作业的44名儿童作调查对照。结果:20个锡箔加工检测点,铅PC-TWA超标11个,点超标率为55.00%,其中5个熔融岗位铅烟浓度和5个敲箔岗位铅尘浓度均超标,最高浓度超标9.7倍;10个生活居室监测点均监测到铅,其中1个厨房监测点铅PC-TWA超过作业场所国家职业卫生标准;铅暴露组儿童、对照组儿童及加工人员血铅检测异常率分别为97.78%(44/45)、13.64%(6/44)和35.17%(83/236),3组间血铅浓度异常率差异有统计学意义(χ2=76.95,P<0.01)。结论:家庭作坊锡箔加工对作业人员特别是儿童铅危害严重,应引起政府有关部门高度重视,采取切实有效的防治措施,保护作业人员特别是儿童的身体健康。

Objective To investigate the impact of lead hazard on children in tin foil processing family,and to provide scientific basis for prevention and management of lead hazard in tin foil processing family workshops.Methods Owners of tin processing family workshops（38） were questionnaired,environment of 20 processing workshops and 10 life areas were detected of lead dust or lead fume concentrations.A case-control study was conducted45 children and 236 workers were detected of blood lead concentration,no-exposed children（44） in the same village as control group.Results In 20 tin foil processing worksites,the lead concentrations PC-TWA value of 11 worksites were beyond limit,and the abnormity rate was 55.00%The lead dust concentrations of 5 fusion worksites and 5 beating foil worksites were all beyond limitThe maximal concentration was 9.7 times of the standardLead was detected in 10 life areas,and lead concentration of a kitchen exceeded national standardBlood lead abnormity rates of children exposed,control,and workers were 97.78%（44/45）,13.64%（6/44）and 35.17%（83/236）respectively,and there existed significant differences among three groups（χ2=76.95,P0.01）.Conclusion The hazard of tin foil processing family workshops to workers is very severe,especially to childrenGovernment should pay great attention to it,and take effective measures to protect the health of workers and children