亚里斯多德的准绳——论莱辛《汉堡剧评》对《诗学》的解释

On Lessing's Esoteric Interpretation of Aristotle's On Poetics

莱辛的《汉堡剧评》不只是一部普通的18世纪戏剧评论集,它还特别以大量篇幅集中讨论和解释了亚里斯多德《诗学》,因而处于《诗学》解释史上古今交汇的关键时间点。本文从分析莱辛"以亚里斯多德说明亚里斯多德"这一解释学原则入手,试图在现代语境中揭示这一原则对重启《诗学》根本精神的再理解所具有的非凡意义。莱辛的独特主张和亲自实践,使他对《诗学》的理解和解释,并不局限于《诗学》本身,而是与亚里斯多德思想的整体特别是与《修辞学》、《伦理学》和《政治学》等建立了有机联系。这是对现代《诗学》解释传统的重要修正。这一返本开新的工作,一方面有利于我们恢复认识《诗学》与人类情感(特别是悲剧情感)的本然关联,与政治和伦理的对话关系,以及对改善人心的内在诉求;另一方面也可以帮助我们纠正由于现代学科偏见所导致的对古典诗学的片面解读。

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing＇ s Hamburgische Dramaturgie is not just an ordinary collection of critical writings on drama as it has been considered since the 18th century, but one of the very important modern interpretive works of Aristotle＇ s On Poetics. This paper tries to do some research on these two books mainly about tragedy, following Lessing＇ s hermeneutic principle called ＂interpreting Aristotle through Aristotle＇ s way of thinking＂, in order to re-understand On Poetics in the context of the debate between the ancient and the modern that occurred during the period of the German Enlightenment. For Lessing, poetics in the classical sense should not be separated from the nation and society at large. Instead of simply reading On Poetics from the new perspectives of modern disciplines such as aesthetics and so-called literary theory, Lessing went in his own way： to understand On Poetics in relation to Aristotle＇ s Rhetoric, the Nicomachean Ethics and Politics, and to discuss tragedy and poetry in general in regard to different kinds of human nature, and different ethical emotions and political actions of human beings.