罗马法中非典型物权形态的解释方法研究——以使用权、居住权的形成史为中心的考察

The Research on the Methods of Interpretation on the Atypical Real Rights in Roman Law——Focus on the Historical Formation of the Right of Use and the Right of Habitation

在罗马法早期,使用权仅仅具有单一的使用权能而不能进行收益,居住权也不是一种市民法上的物权。但在日常实践中,人们常常会遗赠孳息出产物的使用权或者房屋的居住权,由此产生了一系列非典型的物权形态。在这种情况下,罗马法学家一方面要遵循市民法的原则,另一方面要满足民众新的需求。他们通过不同的解释方法,扩张了使用权的边界,并且赋予了居住权以物权的效力。罗马法学家对于非法定物权形态的解释的终点,正是现代物权法定的起点。

In early Roman law, the right of use does not have the function of taking fruits, and the right of habitation is not a real right in civil law. In daily life, people often bequeath the right of use on the things which can produce fruits and the right of habitation of house. In this situation, roman jurists have to obey the tradition of civil law and satisfy the new demands of people. They utilize different methods of interpretation to enlarge the limits of the right of use, and endow the effects of real right to the habitation. Finally, their interpretations construct the pattern of right of use and that of habitation in the modern civil law.