掌权之后:东南亚女总统与民主转型的性别分析

Once in Power:A Gender Analysis of the Female Presidents and Democratic Transition in Southeast Asia

在东南亚民主转型国家,出现3位女总统,她们面临着因性别因素带来的更多困境和争议,她们普遍被认为没有政治经验和能力,施政不够强硬,助长和纵容家人贪污和弄权,对提高妇女权利不够重视。从性别视角分析,父权制的男性中心主义、男女有别的性别分工、二元对立的性别特征都深刻影响到人们对男女总统的不同评价和认知,主要表现是性别刻板印象和双重标准。一方面,人们按总统的标准要求她们;另一方面,人们又按女性的标准要求她们,所以她们面对的批评和指责更多。

During the process of democratic transition in Southeast Asia, three women became the presidents of their countries. These women presidents faced gender based criticisms, as well as accusations that they were lack of political experience and abilities and not tough enough to carry out national policies, and that they tolerated and encouraged corruption and domineering conduct of their fami- lies members, and ignored advancing women＇s rights. Such hostility might have made their work more difficult and controversial. From the viewpoint of gender, androcentrism of a patriarchal society, the sex division of labour stressing the differences between man and woman, and gender based juxtaposing stereotypes all have deeply influenced the evaluation and perception of male and female presidents, resulting in gender stereotypes and double standards. Female presidents have to confront more criticisms as people judge them by president＇s standards, on the one hand, and on the other, by female＇s standards.