山东出土东周铜[钅和]及相关问题研究

The Researches on the Bronze He-vessels Unearthed in Shandong and Relevant Issues

山东出土铜(钅和)可分为两型、五期。春秋时期流行椭圆腹(钅和),战国时期流行圆角方腹(钅和)。春秋早期流行单环耳(钅和),春秋中期至战国晚期流行双环耳(钅和)。春秋早期偏早铜(钅和)产生于鲁北地区,其原型为陶罐;春秋早期偏晚传播到沂沭河流域。春秋晚期铜(钅和)的分布范围南达湖北、江苏,北达河北,西达甘肃,至战国中期逐渐消亡。

The typological study to the bronze he [钅和] -vessels assorted them into two types and five subtypes. In the Spring-and-Autumn Period, the popular type of bronze he-vessel in Shandong was the oval-bellied he-vessel and in the Warring-States Period, the popular type was square-bellied he-vessel with curved corners. In the early Spring-and-Autumn Period, the popular subtype of he-vessel was the ones with single ring-shaped handle, and from the mid Spring-and-Autumn Period to the late Warring-States Period, the popular subtype of he-vessel was the ones with double ring-shaped handles. In the very early Spring-and-Autumn Period, bronze he-vessels emerged in the present-day northern Shandong Province with pottery jars as their prototype, and in the later period of early Spring-and-Autumn Period, the he-vessel diffused into the valleys of Yi and Shu Rivers. In the early period of mid Spring-and-Autumn Period, the distribution area of bronze he-vessel was rapidly expanding, and they could be seen in Shan- dong Peninsula, southern Shandong and the Central Plains. In the late Spring-and-Autumn Period, bronze he-vessels were introduced from the Central Plains to the south, west and north： to the south, they reached the southeastern Hubei and southern Jiangsu; to the north, they reached the central Hebei and to the west, they reached the southeastern Gansu. In the mid Warring-States Period, bronze he-vessel gradually disappeared.