中世纪欧洲大学生学习及生活费用的考察

The Living Expenses and Tuitions of Medieval European University Students

大学日常生活史愈益为当代学者所关注。本文则主要对一位中世纪欧洲大学生的总花费及各项主要费用在其中所占的比例作了大致的估算。从总体来看,在中世纪欧洲各大学,膳宿费、获得学位所支出的各项费用和听课费占了大学生花费的绝大部分,而现代大学中学生每学年开学交纳的高额入学注册费在中世纪大学则微乎其微。而且,不同时代、不同地区、不同专业、不同阶层的大学生的花费亦有差别。大学通常本着贫富有别的原则收费,从而使贫富学生获得相对等同的教育机会,而教俗统治者和富人的捐资助学也为学生完成大学教育作出了贡献。可见,让贫穷学生进入大学并完成其学业可以不必通过降低收费标准,而是可以通过减免或免除其部分费用的方法来实现。但总的来看,在中世纪欧洲,就读大学的费用是昂贵的,绝大部分大学生仍然是占人口极少数的富有阶层的子弟。

Nowadays more and more scholars pay close attention to the history of the University life,and what I discuss in this paper is one of the important aspects of it.The total costs and the proportion of the each item of main expenses in the total costs of a medieval European university student are estimated in this paper.Generally in the Medieval European universities,accommodation costs,the costs on receiving the degree,and class fee are the most important parts in the total costs.Compared with modern university students,they didn't need to pay for the high registration fee at that time.Students of different times,different regions,different faculties,and different social stratum cost differently.University fees were usually different between the rich and the poor in order to ensure a relatively equal access to educational opportunities.Therefore,the poor students could enter universities not by adjusting the fees,but through the reduction or exemption of parts of the costs and complete their education.But on the whole,during the Middle Ages in Europe,the university education was expensive,most students were just children from rich families.