从皇权依附到集团依附——论汉末士风对政治结构的影响

From Imperial Power Attachment to the Group Attachment——the Influence of the Ethos at the End of Han Dynasty on the Political Structure

"人的觉醒"是汉末士风变化的基本特点。然而,汉末"人的觉醒",并未完全回归到先秦之士"志于道"的政治超越的精神状态,而带有强烈的政治依附性,只不过这种依附由汉鼎盛时期所表现出的强烈的皇权依附逐步向集团依附转化。这种士风的变化,始于党锢集团对皇权依附意识的解构,从而形成汉灵帝中平元年以后至建安时期皇权依附意识与集团依附意识的互动,正是这两种意识的互动深刻地影响了汉末政治结构的变化———皇权逐渐傀儡化,皇权专制逐渐让位于集团专制,并最终导致旧皇权的消亡与新皇权的产生。

＂The awakening of man＂was the characteristics of the ethos at the end of Han Dynasty. However,＂the awakening of man＂in Han Dynasty did not fully return to the spiritual state that＂one＇s will was set on the path of truth＂before the Qin Dynasty and which was beyond politics.It had a strong political attachment,and this attachment to imperial power at its best of Han Dynasty transformed to the attachment to the Group gradually.This change in the ethos started from the deconstruction of imperial attachment to establish an interaction between the consciousness of imperial attachment and the sense of group attachment from the period of Emperor Han Ling-di to Emperor Han Xian-di.It was the interaction that deeply affected the political structure at the end of Han Dynasty.The emperor became a puppet,and his power gave away to the Group,which eventually led to the demise of the old imperial power and the imperial power of new generation came into being.