社区参与的自然遗产型景区旅游发展模式——以九寨沟为案例的研究及建议

A Study on the Tourism Development Mode of Natural Heritage Site under Community Participation——An Analysis of the Integrated Development Mode in Jiuzhaigou and its Enlightenment

社区参与是社区发展和景区发展的双向需要,社区参与下景区发展模式问题需要深入的案例研究和经验总结。九寨沟在20余年的发展历程中,逐步形成了景区与社区在地域关系、资源权益分配、经营项目、就业机会等方面融合与共享的"景(区)社(区)一体"发展模式,并产生了积极的经济、社会和环境效应,实现了保景与富民的兼顾和景区的和谐发展。本文结合九寨沟的经验并参照国内其他景区的情况,依据我国自然遗产资源保护与管理的相关法律法规、现行行政管理体制与经营机制等,提出社区参与下自然遗产型景区发展的五点建议:留驻与外迁结合,社区外迁遵循引导与自愿原则;将景区内社区的行政管辖权授予景区管理机构;保障社区林权参与景区资源性收益分配;培育社区企业参与景区特许经营权竞争;推动社区参与景区管理与决策。

Scholars unanimously believe that Community participation in tourism is necessary for both community development and heritage protection, and the tourism development mode under community participation has become a topic of focal concern in both Chinese and English literature in the field of eeotourism and heritage tourism recent years. Eagles（2009）summarized different modes of community participation in ecotourism sites in the world, evaluated their perspective performances, and found that the modes with high involvement of public organizations and NGOs perform better in guaranteeing community rights. However, the public organizations and NGOs are not well developed in China, and the ownership of natural resources, government authority and social democratic process are also different as compared with Western countries （ Bao, 2006）. China could not follow the same mode as Western countries. Some Chinese scholars put forward that integrated development of community and heritage site might be one of the best solutions and carried out some theoretic discussions （Pan, 2000 ; Bian, 2005 ; Zhao, 2003, 2005 ; Li, 2008）. However, these discussions neglected the concrete institutional situation of Chinese natural heritage protection and development, and were thus not so well adapted to the practice. A more practical path of integrated development must be explored through in-depth case study and comprehensive experience summarization. This paper selects Jiuzhaigou which was inscribed on the list of UNESCO World Natural Heritage in 1992 as a place of case study, and reviews the evolution process of its community participation in tourism in the past three decades and finds that an integrated development mode of community and heritage site gradually came into being in about 2006 after the independent（ 1984 -1991 ）, co-operative （1992- 1998）, dependent participation period（ 1999 2005 ）. The present integrated mode is characterized by the unity of geographic relation, sharing of income allocation, business and employment opportunities of the administrative organ and the community. This mode has produced a positive economic, social and environmental effect and contributed greatly to achieve the harmonious development in the heritage site. The integrated tourism development mode in Jiuzhaigou also sees some limitations, for example, community mostly participated in economic activities but lack of such political participation as decision making, and their economic participation opportunities are only acknowledged by the decision of the administrative organ instead of by local laws and provisions. Combined with the experience of Jiuzhaigou, based on the relevant laws and regulations in natural heritage protection, the existing administrative system and operating mechanism, with reference to the actual situation in other natural heritage sites in China, this paper put forward some suggestions on the tourism development of natural heritage site under community participation, including： 1 ） the local residents should not be geographically separated from heritage site in order to protect environment, they may be left partly stayed in and partly moved out the heritage site at their own will under government assistance; 2） the jurisdiction of the community in the heritage site should be granted to the administrative organ to stimulate its enthusiasm in both heritage protection and community development; 3） the forestry ownership of the community be considered as an asset in tourism income distribution; 4）community enterprises be fostered to participate in competition of franchise operation; 5 ） the local residents be encouraged to elect their own representatives to become the leader of the administrative organ, and both the community and the administration work together on the co-management committee platform to exchange ideas, learn adaptively and optimize the management of the natural heritage site.