结构主义视角下中国城市单位制的形成逻辑

THE FORMATION LOGIC OF CHINESE DANWEI SYSTEM IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF STRUCTURALISM

单位制是在计划经济时期特殊的历史条件下,为实现国家现代化而逐渐形成的。改革开放以来,中国城市社会在单位制度的历史惯性和城市化、市场化及全球化等力量的共同作用下开始了制度—空间—社会的多重转型。因而,单位制构成了解读中国转型的重要视角。本文从结构主义的视角出发,建立从知识通过资源到制度—空间—实践的新框架,对单位制的形成逻辑提出一种新的解释。认为单位制的形成是在共产主义、国家主义、全能主义和国内外基本条件基本判断等知识对权威性和配置性资源控制所形成权力的支配作用下形成的,在社会现象层面表现为制度、空间和实践三个基本维度。知识对资源的支配构成了决定单位形成的深层结构,而相互融合的制度、空间和实践则构成了相对应的表层结构。

Danwei gradually formed under the conditions of special international backgrounds and planned e- conomy in socialist China, influenced not only by communist ideology, but also by Chinese traditional histo- ry, culture and revolutionary experiences of CCP. Danwei is the key to understand the transition of China. China＇s transition has been under the influence of historical inertia of Danwei and those relatively new strengths of urbanization, globalization and marketization. So, Danwei becomes an important and special per- spective to understand the urban transition in China. Danwei was formed under the direction of CCP with the aim of achieving the national goal of communism. After the foundation of China, the judgments of the inter- national and national backgrounds and conditions at that period and the understanding of the communist thoughts of Marx, Lenin and Stalin formed the basic knowledge of the ruling of the party and government. The knowledge includes communism, nationalism and omnipotence. The domination of the authoritative re- sources and dispositional resources under the knowledge forms the deep structure, which decides the surface structure, including the system, the space and the practice. The deep structure and the surface structure togeth- er form the structural system, constructing the formation of Danwei. The Danwei system includes classifica- tion system, financial system, personnel system and social security system. The Danwei space includes physi- cal space, function space, behavioral space and psychological space. The Danwei practice includes manage- ment practice, production practice, life practice and educational and cultural practice. Danwei system, Dan- wei space and Danwei practice are integrated together, representing the power formed by the domination of resources under the knowledge. This logic structure from knowledge to system-space-practice can also be used to explain the transition of Danwei in the context of transitional China.