近30年冀鲁豫农业村落民宅景观演化过程与机理

Vernacular dwellings evolution in agricultural villages of Hebei-Shandong-Henan provinces in the past 30 years

在冀鲁豫三省选择3个不同特征的村落作详细案例,结合对其他村落的实地踏查,采用照片对比、平面示意图分析、访谈、问卷调查和统计分析等研究方法,比较分析了近30年来该区域农业村落民宅景观的演化过程和机理。研究发现:30年来冀鲁豫农业村落的民宅景观经历了4个阶段的演化过程。民宅外观形态、样式、建筑材料与技术逐步现代化、去地方化,与泥土和自然的关系逐渐疏离。民宅内部格局的农业生产空间在经历了恢复和重组后逐渐弱化,生活空间的地位则持续提升,并逐步实现按代际、活动和性别的专门化和分隔化。家庭人口学特征是民宅演变代类差异产生的重要动力,家庭经济收入与民宅演变代类之间具有一定的相关性,人口流动对民宅演变代类差异的产生具有较明显作用。

Based on photograph,ichnography,interviews,questionnaire survey and statistical analysis methods,this paper discusses the evolution and mechanisms of vernacular dwellings in agricultural villages in the past 30 years by selecting three villages with different natural-human characteristics in Hebei,Shandong and Henan provinces as the detailed case studies. Generally speaking,the outer appearances of vernacular dwellings such as the house facade,building materials and technologies have been modernized and de-localized generation after generation.The inner patterns of vernacular dwellings has been specialized and segregated by age,activity and gender gradually,at the same time,the living space has been strengthened even over-developed continually;the agricultural space was regenerated and reorganized at first and then weakened owing to the increase of peasants＇ non-agricultural job opportunities and incomes;the kitchen,bathroom and granary have been gradually moved from yard to main house.The above-mentioned evolution processes can be divided into four periods in detail. As far as the relationship between generations of vernacular dwellings and household socio-economic characteristics is concerned,demographic characteristics of househols are the important driving force for the difference of generations,which is correlated with household income,and the migration of household members has obvious effects on it also. Some special traits of vernacular dwellings evolution in the case villages are produced by traditional culture,rural institution of property and distribution,and the urbanization process.The vitality of traditional culture remains so strong that many of its symbols are represented vastly by the modern materials in current vernacular dwellings.The collectively-owned but equally distributed farmland makes the household population and household life-cycle become the determinants for household income disparities and indirectly leads to the difference of vernacular dwellings in agricultural villages.The amphibious migration of rural labor promotes the diffusion of industrialized artifacts,technology and life style in agricultural villages,which,however,results in the lavish construction of vernacular dwellings at the same time.