1Chakravorty S,Kuna ST,Zaharakis N,et al.Covariates of craving in actively drinking alcoholics[J].Am J Addict,2010,19 (5):450-457.
2Robinson TE,Berridge KC.The neural basis of drug craving:an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction[J].Brain Res Brain Res Rev,1993,18(3):247-291.
3Koob CF,Le Moal M.Addiction and the brain antireward sys-tem[J].Annu Rev Psychol,2008,59:29-53.
4Koob GF.Neurobiological substrates for the dark side of compul-sivity in addiction[J].Neuropharmacology,2009,56(Suppl 1):18-31.
6Diana M.The dopamine hypothesis of drug addiction and its potential therapeutic value[J].Front Psychiatry,2011,2:64.
7Bruijnzeel AW,Small E,Pasek TM,et al.Corticotropin-releas-ing factor mediates the dysphoria-like state associated with alcohol withdrawal in rats[J].Behav Brain Res,2010,210(2):288-291.
8Koob GF.Dynamics of Neuronal Circuits in Addiction:Reward,Antireward,and Emotional Memory[J].Phannacopsychiatry,2009,42(Suppl 1):S32-41.
9Sinha R,Fox HC,Hong KA,et al.Enhanced negative emotion and alcohol craving,and altered physiological responses following stress and cue exposure in alcohol dependent individuals[J],Neuropsychopharmacology,2009,34(5):1198-1208.
10Volkow ND,Wang GJ,Telang F,et al.Profound deceases in dopamine release in striatum in detoxified alcoholics:possible orbitofrontal involvemem[J].J Neurosci,2007,27(46):12700 -12706.
3Le Doux JE,Iwata Cicchetti P,et al.Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus autonomic and behavioal correlates of conditioned fear[J].J Neurosci,1988,8:2517-2529.
4Best H,Menendez L,Besson JM,et al.Spino(trigemino)-parabrachio-hypothalamic pathway:electrophysiological evidence for an involvement in pain processes[J].Neurophysiol,1995,73:568-585.
5Price DD.Central neural mechanicsms that interrelate sensory and affective dimensions of pain[J].Mol Interv,2002,2:392-403.
6Solomon RL,Corbit JD.An opponent-process theory of acquired motivation:temporal dynamics of affect[J].Psychol Rev,1974,81:119-145.
7Solomon RL.The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation:the costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain[J].Am Psychol,1980,35:691-712.
8Poulos CX,Cappell H.Homeostatic theory of drug tolerance:a general model of physiological adaptation[J].Psychol Rev,1991,98:390-408.
9Siegel S.Evidence from rats that morphine tolerance is a learned response[J].Comp Physiol Psychol,1975,89:498 506.
10Koob GF,Le Moal M.Drug addiction,dysregulation of reward,and allostatic[J].Neurops-chopharmacology,2001,24:97-129.
